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THE TURKE AND SIR GAWAIN


The Turke and Sir Gawain
Edited by Thomas Hahn
Originally Published in Sir Gawain: Eleven Romances and Tales
Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University for TEAMS, 1995


Listen, lords, great and small, What adventures did befall In England, where hath beene there were (once) Of knights that held the Round Table [Some] knights 5 Which were doughty and profittable, stalwart and worthy Of kempys cruell and keene. warriors fierce and courageous All England, both East and West, [Throughout] Lords and ladyes of the best, They busked and made them bowne. came and went 10 And when the King sate in seate - sat; (see note) Lords served him att his meate - Into the hall a burne there came. warrior; (see note) He was not hye, but he was broad, tall And like a Turke he was made (i.e., a pagan) 15 Both legg and thye; thigh And said, "Is there any will, as a brother, who wishes through mutual consent To give a buffett and take another? blow And iff any soe hardy bee?" Might there be; (see note) Then spake Sir Kay, that crabbed knight, sulky 20 And said "Man, thou seemest not soe wight, powerful If thou be not adread. Given that For there beene knights within this hall With a buffett will garr thee fall, make And grope thee to the ground. drop 25 "Give thou be never soe stalworth of hand If; ever so stalwart; (see note) I shall bring thee to the ground, overcome you That dare I safely sweare." Then spake Sir Gawaine, that worthy knight, Saith, "Cozen Kay, thou speakest not right - Cousin 30 Lewd is thy answere! Uncouth "What and that man want of his witt? What if; be deficient in Then litle worshipp were to thee pitt honor; allotted If thou shold him forefore." destroy Then spake the Turke with words thraw, angry 35 Saith, "Come the better of your tow, two Though ye be breme as bore . . . fierce as a wild boar [At this point about half a page of the story is missing; Gawain enters into a sworn agreement to trade blows (apparently without weapons) with the Turk. He strikes his blow, but the return blow by the Turk is postponed.] "This buffett thou hast . . . Well quitt that it shall be. repaid And yett I shall make thee thrise as feard three times as afraid; (see note) 40 As ever was man on middlearth, This Court againe ere thou see." before Then said Gawaine, "My truth I plight, troth I pledge I dare goe with thee full right, [That]; resolutely And never from thee flye; flee 45 I will never flee from noe adventure, Justing, nor noe other turnament, Jousts Whilest I may live on lee." unharmed The Turke tooke leave of King with crowne; Sir Gawaine made him ready bowne, himself ready for travel 50 His armor and his steed. They rode northwards two dayes and more. By then Sir Gawaine hungred sore; sorely Of meate and drinke he had great need. The Turke wist Gawaine had need of meate, understood 55 And spake to him with words great, Hawtinge uppon hee; Raising himself on high; (see note) Says "Gawaine, where is all thy plenty? riches Yesterday thou wast served with dainty, were; delicacies And noe part thou wold give me, (see note) 60 "But with buffett thou did me sore; made Therefore thou shalt have mickle care, great And adventures shalt thou see. (see note) I wold I had King Arthur heere, And many of thy fellowes in fere together 65 That behaves to try mastery." 1 He led Sir Gawaine to a hill soe plaine. in the open The earth opened and closed againe - Then Gawaine was adread. The merke was comen, and the light is gone: darkness 70 Thundering, lightning, snow, and raine, Therof enough they had. Of those Then spake Sir Gawaine and sighed sore: "Such wether saw I never afore In noe stead there I have beene stood." place where; (see note) [Again at this point a half page is missing. The storms seem a preliminary test. Gawain endures them, and accepts instruction from the Turk, and is then allowed to proceed to the mysterious castle.] 75 ". . . made them noe answere (see note) But only unto mee." To the Castle they then yode. went; (see note) Sir Gawaine light beside his steed, dismounted For horsse the Turke had none. (see note) 80 There they found chamber, bower, and hall, Richly rayled about with pale, arrayed with elegant cloths Seemly to look uppon. handsome; (see note) A bord was spred within that place: table All manner of meates and drinkes there was 85 For groomes that might it againe. men; gain Sir Gawaine wold have fallen to that fare, taken up that food The Turke bad him leave for care; [But]; refrain because of harm Then waxt he unfaine. became [Gawain] unhappy Gawaine said, "Man, I marvell have am astonished 90 That thou may none of these vittells spare, foods dispense And here is soe great plentye. Yett have I more mervaile, by my fay, faith That I see neither man nor maid, Woman nor child soe free. 95 "I had lever now att mine owne will rather Of this fayre meate to eate my fill Then all the gold in Christenty." [have]; Christendom The Turke went forth, and tarryed nought; Meate and drinke he forth brought, 100 Was seemly for to see. He said, "Eate, Gawaine, and make thee yare. ready In faith, or thou gett victalls more before; food Thou shalt both swinke and sweate. toil Eate, Gawaine, and spare thee nought!" 105 Sir Gawaine eate as him good thought, And well he liked his meate. He dranke ale, and after wine. He saith, "I will be att thy bidding baine ready Without bost or threat. Without (need for) 110 But one thing I wold thee pray: Give me my buffett and let me goe my way. I wold not longer be hereatt. [Another half page is missing at this point. The Turk refuses to allow Gawain to conclude the bargain by receiving his return blow. Instead he asks that Gawain accompany him to the Isle of Man.] Ther stood a bote and . . . boat; (see note) Sir Gawaine left behind his steed, 115 He might noe other doe. The Turke said to Sir Gawaine, "He shal be here when thou comes againe - I plight my troth to thee - Within an hower, as men tell me." hour 120 They were sailed over the sea: The Turke said, "Gawaine, hee! hasten; (see note) "Heere are we withouten scath. harm But now beginneth the great othe, the fulfillment of our compact When we shall adventures see." (see note) 125 He lett him see a castle faire; Such a one he never saw yare, before Noewher in noe country. The Turke said to Sir Gawaine (see note) "Yonder dwells the King of Man, (see note) 130 A heathen soldan is hee. sultan "With him he hath a hideous rout throng Of giants strong and stout And uglie to looke uppon. Whosoever had sought farr and neere 135 As wide as the world were, Such a companye he cold find none. "Many aventures thou shalt see there, Such as thou never saw yare before In all the world about. 140 Thou shalt see a tenisse ball tennis ball [so large] That never knight in Arthurs hall Is able to give it a lout. blow "And other adventures there are moe. more Wee shall be assayled ere we goe, absolved (of sin) before; (see note) 145 Therof have thou noe doute. "But and yee will take to me good heed, if I shall helpe you in time of need. For ought I can see anything There shall be none soe strong in stower battle 150 But I shall bring thee againe to hi . . . (see note) [Another half page is missing here. After these reassurances, Gawain accompanies the Turk into the Castle of the King of Man where he is met with verbal assaults.] . . . "Sir Gawaine stiffe and stowre, fierce How fareth thy unckle King Arthur, And all his company? And that Bishopp Sir Bodwine Baldwin; (see note) 155 That will not let my goods alone, But spiteth them every day? spoils "He preached much of a Crowne of Thorne; He shall ban the time that he was borne curse And ever I catch him may. If 160 I anger more att the spiritually clergy; (see note) In England, not att the temporaltie, lords They goe soe in theire array. lavish clothes "And I purpose in full great ire intend; wrath To brenn their clergy in a fire burn 165 And punish them to my pay. satisfaction Sitt downe, Sir Gawaine, at the bord." table Sir Gawaine answered at that word, Saith, "Nay, that may not be, "I trow not a venturous knight shall do not think a daring; (see note) 170 Sitt downe in a kings hall Adventures or you see." before The King said, "Gawaine, faire mot thee fall! 2 (see note) Goe feitch me forth my tennisse ball, For play will I and see." see what happens 175 They brought it out without doubt. With it came a hideous rout huge throng Of gyants great and plenty; All the giants were there then Heire by the halfe then Sir Gawaine, Higher; than 180 I tell you withouten nay. without doubt There were seventeen giants bold of blood, (see note) And all thought Gawaine but litle good. When they thought with him to play. All the giants thoughten then 185 To have strucke out Sir Gawaines braine. Help him God that best may! The ball of brasse was made for the giants hand; There was noe man in all England Were able to carry it . . . [In a missing section, Gawain defeats the giants at tennis with the help of the Turk, who ends by pummeling one of the giants.] 190 . . . and sticked a giant in the hall stabbed That grysly can hee grone. gruesomely did The King sayd, "Bray away this axeltree, Take; staff; (see note) For such a boy I never see. [i.e., the Turk] Yett he shal be assayed better ere he goe - (see note) 195 "I told you, soe mote I the - may I prosper; (see note) With the three adventure, and then no more Befor me at this tide." time Then there stood amongst them all A chimney in the Kings hall free-standing fireplace; (see note) 200 With barres mickle of pride. iron bars great in strength There was laid on in that stond stand Coales and wood that cost a pound, in large quantity That upon it did abide. lie A giant bad Gawaine assay, give it a try 205 And said, "Gawaine, begin the play - Thou knowest best how it shold be! And afterwards when thou hast done, I trow you shal be answered soone matched Either with boy or me. [i.e., the Turk] 210 "A great giant, I understand, Lift up the chimney with his hand [Should be able to] And sett it downe againe fairly." easily Sir Gawaine was never soe adread Sith he was man on midle earth, since 215 And cryd on God in his thought. Gawaine unto his boy can say did "Lift this chimney - if you may - That is soe worthily wrought." massively Gawaines boy to it did leape, 220 And gatt itt by the bowles great, charcoal holders; (see note) And about his head he it flang. flung Thris about his head he it swang Thrice; (see note) That the coals and the red brands . . . [In a missing half page the Turk completes his victory in the second contest, twirling the hot fireplace above his head. He then clothes himself in a garment of invisibility to accompany Gawain as the King of Man leads him to the final challenge. Here, a giant threatens Gawain.] ". . . saw of mickle might great 225 And strong were in battell. "I have slaine them thorrow my mastery, (i.e., other knights); (see note) And now, Gawaine, I will slay thee, And then I have slaine all the flower. elite (of chivalry) There went never none againe no tale to tell, none ever returned 230 Nor more shalt thou, thoe thou be fell, Any more than; though; fierce Nor none that longeth to King Arthur." belong The Turke was clad invissible gay: 3 (see note) No man cold see him withouten nay, without doubt He was cladd in such a weede. garment 235 He heard their talking lesse and more: altogether And yet he thought they shold find him there feel his presence When they shold do that deed. Then he led him into steddie (i.e., the King led Gawain); a spot Werhas was a boyling leade, Where; [cauldron of] molten lead 240 And welling uppon hie: seething And before it a giant did stand With an iron forke in his hand, That hideous was to see. The giant that looked soe keene fierce 245 That before Sir Gawaine had never seene [one so fierce] Noe where in noe country. The King saide to the giant thoe, then "Here is none but wee tow; two Let see how best may bee." do your best 250 When the giant saw Gawaines boy there was, (see note) He leapt and threw, and cryed "Alas, writhed That he came in that stead!" this place Sir Gawaines boy to him lept, And with strenght up him gett, took 255 And cast him in the lead. With an iron forke made of steele He held him downe wondorous weele, well; (see note) Till he was scalded to the dead. death Then Sir Gawaine unto the King can say, did 260 "Without thou wilt agree unto our law, Unless Eatein is all thy bread." (i.e., your time is up); (see note) The King spitt on Gawaine the knight. (see note) With that the Turke hent him upright seized him as he stood And into the fyer him flang, fire 265 And saide to Sir Gawaine at the last, "Noe force, Master, all the perill is past! No worry Thinke not we tarrie too longe . . . [In a missing half page, Gawain and the Turk apparently move quickly to another part of the Castle, where captives have been magically imprisoned. The Turk then, instead of taking the return blow at Gawain to which he is entitled, requests that Gawain deliver a sword stroke that would behead him.] He tooke forth a bason of gold basin As an Emperour washe shold, Such as; (see note) 270 As fell for his degree. it suited his rank He tooke a sword of mettle free, metal noble; (see note) Saies "If ever I did any thing for thee, [And] says Doe for me in this stead: Help me; case Take here this sword of steele 275 That in battell will bite weele, Therwith strike of my head." [And] with it; off "That I forefend!" said Sir Gawaine, forbid "For I wold not have thee slaine For all the gold soe red." 280 "Have done, Sir Gawaine! I have no dread. Enough But in this bason let me bleed, That standeth here in this steed, place "And thou shalt see a new play, turn of events With helpe of Mary that mild mayd 285 That saved us from all dread." He drew forth the brand of steele That in battell bite wold weele, And there stroke of his head. off And when the blood in the bason light, fell 290 He stood up a stalwortht Knight That day, I undertake, dare say And song "'Te Deum Laudamus' - sang; (see note) Worshipp be to our Lord Jesus That saved us from all wracke! ruin 295 "A! Sir Gawaine! Blessed thou be! For all the service I have don thee, Thou hast well quitt it me." repaid Then he tooke him by the hand, And many a worthy man they fand encountered; (see note) 300 That before they never see. had seen He said, "Sir Gawaine, withouten threat with all courtesy; (see note) Sitt downe boldly at thy meate, And I will eate with thee. Ladyes all, be of good cheere: 305 Eche ane shall wend to his owne deer one; go; dear In all hast that may be. haste "First we will to King Arthurs hall, And soone after your husbands send we shall In country where they beene; have lived 310 There they wold . . . abide. (see note) [In another missing section, the process of liberating the chivalric captives continues with the return to Arthur's court.] "Thus we have brought seventeen ladys cleere handsome That there were left in great danger, And we have brought them out." Then sent they for theire husbands swithe, quickly 315 And every one tooke his oune wife, own And lowlye can they lowte, humbly did they bow And thanked the two knights and the King, And said they wold be at theire bidding (see note) In all England about. 320 Sir Gromer kneeld upon his knee, (see note) Saith "Sir King, and your wil be, if it be your will Crowne Gawaine King of Man." [of the Isle] of Man Sir Gawaine kneeld downe by, next to Sir Gromer And said "Lord, nay, not I; 325 Give it him, for he it wan. "For I never purposed to be noe King, Never in all my livinge, Whilest I am a living man." He said, "Sir Gromer, take it thee, (i.e., Arthur); for yourself 330 For Gawaine will never King bee For no craft that I can." argument I may make Thus endeth the tale that I of meane, had in mind Of Arthur and his knightes keene That hardy were and free. 335 God give them good life far and neere to them (i.e., the audience) That such talking loves to heere! Amen for Charity! Fins. The end




THE TURKE AND SIR GAWAIN: FOOTNOTES


1 Who deserve to have their prowess tested

2 may good things befall you

3 clothed with wonderful invisibility


THE TURKE AND SIR GAWAIN: NOTES

Abbreviations: P = Percy Folio; BP= Bishop Percy's marginal notes in the MS; M = Madden's edition; F = Furnivall's edition. See Select Bibliography for these editions.


10 ff. The appearance of a strange, potentially threatening figure as preliminary to a great feast occurs frequently in Arthurian romance. See note at line 169 below. The "Turk" as emblem of festive exoticism occurs also in civic pageants at Gloucester; in 1595 the chamberlains paid ten shillings to cover expenses "for a wagon in the pageant and for the turke," the latter clearly a figure whose lavish dress conveyed his exotic, and entirely conventionalized, strangeness (Cumberland, Westmorland, Gloucestershire: Records of the Early English Drama, eds. Audrey W. Douglas and Peter Greenfield [Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986], p. 313). The "Turk" also appears as a character in many of the folk plays that originated in the Middle Ages. Surviving versions of Sword Dances, St. George Plays, and other mummings include "The Turk," "The Turkish Knight," "The Turkish Champion," "Turkey Snipe," and so on, a boisterous figure who stands as the enemy of the plays' comically chivalric Christian heroes (see Alex Helm, The English Mummers' Play [Woodbridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 1981], pp. 34, 76, 80, with other examples as well).

12 came. The word has been written over, perhaps by BP. P may originally have read taite, which M gives. F reads the corrected form as cane (which he notes means came).

18 iff. I follow M's reading; F reads Gift, taking the ampersand for "g".

25 Give . . . hand. M: Gine . . . hands.

35 your. P: yo[superscript u]; F reads the abbreviation as your, which I follow.

39 thrise. P: [yogh]ise.

40 on middlearth. M: in middlearth.

51 northwards. M: northward.

56 Hawtinge. M: Lawtinge, and adds Lawghinge? in his note.

59 part. M: that (the letter "thorn" with superscript "t"), though F's part seems accurate.

62 shalt. M: shall.

74 beene stood. M's reading of the line ends with beene, though additional (undecipherable) letters appear at the end of the line; here and at later breaks, F seems to have been able to make out more of the text, and I follow his reconstructions.

75 made them noe answere. M's line begins noe answere.

77 The mysterious adventures within this depopulated Castle, which is inside a hill and surrounded by merke (line 69), parallel events in other romances, especially (in the motifs of dangerous feasts) those associated with the Holy Grail. The entrance to the other world through an earthly, seemingly natural portal — "a hill," "The earth opened and closed again" (lines 66–67) — occurs in a wide variety of narratives beginning with Homer and Virgil, but is especially common in stories with Celtic connections. In the Breton lai, Sir Orfeo, the hero rides "In at a roche [cliff]" to enter fairyland (ed. A. J. Bliss, 2nd ed. [Oxford: Clarendon, 1966]; see Bliss's comment, pages xxxviii ff.).

79 horsse. M: horse.

Whether the Turk lacked a horse during the entire journey (see line 51) or has lost his horse only at this point seems uncertain, but what is clear is the contrast between Sir Gawain as knight — mounted warrior — and the Turk as powerful, and even magical, but not chivalric. In line 114, the romance significantly notes that Gawain must abandon his horse. Jeaste makes a point of noting the discomfiture that follows upon each combat when a knight (including Gawain, in the last encounter) loses his horse.

82 look. M: looke.

113 Ther stood a bote and. M's line ends with stood a.

121 hee. M: hoe, in the sense of "stop" ("whoa").

124 we. P: he; I emend for sense.

see. P: doe; I emend for rhyme.

128 Here, and at lines 143, 195, and 210 occur defective three-line stanzas, all linked by tail-rhyme to the previous or succeeding stanza (making four potential nine-line stanzas). Other defective stanzas (e.g., at lines 37 and 74) are clearly the result of losses in the MS. See also line 219 and note.

129 the King of Man. Despite the characterization of the King as a heathen soldan (line 130), the reference seems clearly to locate this enemy on the Isle of Man in the Solway Firth; this is (as line 51 suggests) off the northwest coast of England, near Scotland. The Isle of Man is opposite Cumberland, the county which contains Carlisle, Inglewood Forest, the Tarn Wathelene, and other locations repeatedly associated with Arthurian legend in the popular Gawain romances. Man was one of the "Southern Islands," in contrast to the northern islands (which included the Orkneys, by tradition one of Sir Gawain's ancestral homes). The Manx people, originally of Celtic descent, intermarried with Scandinavian invaders, and lived under their own king, who did homage to the kings of Norway and Scotland. English control of Man began about 1290, during the reign of Edward I, though it passed back to the Scots several times during the next half century. Several English knights ruled the Manx people (by appointment of the king or purchase of the Manx crown) before 1400; in 1406 Henry IV made Sir John Stanley the hereditary King of Man, and members of this family governed the island through the eighteenth century. The chivalric exploits that led the king to appoint Sir John as ruler of the Manx people parallel those celebrated in romances (see General Introduction, pp. 33–34).

144 Wee shall be assayled. Though this form might, in its context, be taken as "assailed" — i.e., "we shall be attacked before we finish" — I have interpreted it as a spelling of "assoil," meaning "absolve." The Turk's concern for Christian absolution suggests the superficiality of his role as exotic stereotype within the narrative. He serves clearly as a "stage Saracen," whose strangeness works to set off the hero and offset some of the plot's predictability. Within the action, though the Turk seems Gawain's adversary, he cooperates in the adventures he orchestrates to advance Christendom: he calls the King of Man a "heathen soldan" (line 130, and note at line 129), destroys the King when he rejects Christianity (lines 263 ff.), and spontaneously calls upon the Virgin Mary before his transformation. The covert alliance of the Turk with the conventional Christian ethos of the poem is only thinly veiled, therefore, by his exotic appearance.

150The line breaks off, with fragment of a word beginning hi visible.

that Bishopp Sir Bodwine. This reference to a Baldwin who is by title both a bishop and a knight seems unarguably to assume a single identity for the Bishop Baldwin who accompanies Gawain in Carlisle, and the knight who exchanges vows with Arthur, Kay, and Gawain in Avowyng. See Carlisle, line 28 and note, and Avowyng, line 74 and note.

160 ff. This attack on the spiritually or clergy in England and not att the temporaltie seems, both in its very terms and in its unmotivated appearance at this point in the poem, to be a post-Reformation insertion into the text, and in this resembles the outburst in Carle, lines 269 ff.

169 Gawain's refusal to begin the feast until he witnesses an adventure is a commonplace of French and English chivalric romance. It occurs notably at the outset of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and in Malory's tale of Sir Gareth (Works, p. 293); the beginning of the present poem more distantly echoes the convention. See note at line 10.

172 thee. P: then; I emend to restore the common idiom.

181 seventeen. M: ix.

192 axeltree. The word refers literally to an axle for wheels; here it seems to be an instrument — a huge staff perhaps — used by the Turk in the tennis game and in combat against the giant.

194 assayed. M: aflayed.

194 ff. The three lines that follow, and constitute a separate short stanza, continue the sentence begun in line 194. The sense is, "He shall be more fully put to the test before he leaves — as I've said, so help me — with the three adventures, and no more, with me as witness, right now."

195 soe mote I the. M and F read tho, which almost rhymes with more (line 196). The letter form is sufficiently ambiguous to allow reading the; though not at all a rhyme, grammatically and idiomatically this is precisely the form the context demands.

199 the. F reads they, which seems possible, though there is a blot on the line.

220 bowles. M: bowler. The last line of this stanza is lost because of a missing half-page, but the rhyme scheme of the surviving five lines is defective.

222 Thris. P: [yogh][superscript is].

226 them. M: then.

232 gay. M suggests gray.

250 The Turk seems to rematerialize at this point, as the giant's dismay suggests.

257 wondorous. M: wonderous.

261 Eatein. M: eaten.

262 The King's pointed rejection of Christianity, symbolized by his spitting on Gawain, casts him in the role of heathen soldan (line 130), as adapted from popular verse romances associated with Charlemagne and the conquest of the Saracens (to whom the Turk would be equivalent). In The Sowdone of Babylon, when Laban, the chief enemy of the Christian West, is offered baptism, he spits into the font, and is promptly beheaded. See line 3167 of Alan Lupack's edition of The Sultan of Babylon, in Three Middle English Charlemagne Romances (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1990), p. 92.

269 washe. M: was he.

271 The act of disenchantment, where by delivering a return blow Sir Gawain changes the Turk back into Sir Gromer, is a version of the folk motif called the Beheading Game. It vividly recalls the beheading scenes in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Carle, and calls attention to the missing scene in Carlisle. Moreover, the metamorphosis to a true self as the climax of the romance resonates as well with the endings of Ragnelle, Marriage, and The Greene Knight.

292 Te Deum Laudamus. This is a Latin hymn of praise to the Father and Son, often (though falsely) attributed to St. Ambrose and associated with the baptism of St. Augustine. It dates probably from the fifth century, and was widely familiar from its use in the daily offices and in the liturgies for various feasts and ceremonies. It was also frequently used to conclude popular festivities and plays, where its singing emphasized the solidarity of the Christian community. The transformed Sir Gromer's spontaneous performance of the hymn here signals his restoration to Christian knighthood.

299 many a worthy man. Apparently the defeat of the King of Man, with his preternatural powers, together with the transformation of the Turk, liberates those other knights and ladies whom the King had defeated, captured, and enchanted; see above, lines 226 ff. The actual restoration of these knights and ladies to their proper identities parallels the scene in Carlisle (lines 517 ff.), and its counterpart in Carle (lines 409 ff.), where the Carle shows Gawain the liveries and bones of the knights he has slain. Unlike the beheading of the Turk, the disenchantment of the Carle, who also had been "transformed soe" (Carle, line 410), does not result in the liberation of a tyrant's victims, only in prayers for their souls. The freeing of the captive ladies (to which Sir Gromer refers in lines 304 ff.) resembles the episode at Le Chastel de Pesme Avanture in Chrétien de Troyes' Yvain (lines 51 ff.), which is reproduced in the English Ywain and Gawain. In the English version, Ywain arrives at the Castel of the Hevy Sorow (line 2933), confronts a porter, defeats two "fowl felouns," and releases the women of "Maydenland" (line 3010): " 'Maidens,' he said, 'God mot yow se, / And bring yow wele whare ye wald be' " (lines 3355–56). This episode in Turke also recalls Lancelot's release of Gawain's brother Gaherys and sixty-four other knights of the Round Table from captivity within Sir Terquyne's castle, and his freeing of "three score ladyes and damesels" by the defeat of "two grete gyauntis" (Malory, Works, pp. 265–72).

301 301 ff. The willingness of the transformed Sir Gromer to share a meal with Gawain contrasts with the Turk's interruption of the court's feast (lines 10 ff.) which he is not asked to join, and with the apparent refusal of the Turk to partake in the meal he serves Gawain at the depopulated castle (lines 83 ff.). The shared meal signifies the restoration of Gromer's proper individual identity, and the confirmation of the generalized cultural identity he and Gawain take part in as Christian knights.

310 There they wold . . . abide. This line is not now at all legible. I follow the text as given by F. M provides no text for this line.

318 they. P: the.

320 Sir Gromer. This knight of the Round Table is apparently identical with Sir Gromer Somer Joure of Ragnelle (see line 62 and note) and Malory's Sir Gromore Somyr Ioure (Works p. 1164), an ally of Galeron of Galloway (see Awntyrs, line 417 and note).